Hobbes and Kant Philosophy - 1779 Words

‘Both Hobbes’s amp; Kant’s theories of the state and its law are unsuitable in contemporary conditions of reasonable pluralism.’ Discuss. (Timed Essay in exam conditions – 1 hour) According to Rawls we currently live in a condition of reasonable pluralism, which means that there are many different comprehensive doctrines (those which explain the meaning of life, how life should be lived etc) subscribed to within the societies. Rawls argues that this means in order to have a theory of the state and law that fits this model, it must be neutral so all the citizens would agree with it regardless of what doctrine they subscribe to. The quote indicates that Hobbes’s and Kant’s theories of state and law do not do this and are therefore not†¦show more content†¦Therefore the law creates an equal sized sphere for each individual and polices the boundaries to ensure the different spheres do not interfere with each other, this allows for what Pogge terms as co-ordination, determinacy and assurance. Essentially the state and law allow our natural rights of freedom and equality to be realised, as they could not be put into practice in the state of na ture. Rawls would suggest that Kant’s theory is inappropriate for conditions of reasonable pluralism as there a subjective element to any idea of morality, and Kant bases his theory on the idea that we are innately and morally free and equal. For Rawls this leads to instability for the theory in the future as not all doctrines subscribed to would agree with it. However, it may be argued that in modern society there are ideas of human rights e.g. in the European Convention of Human Rights which seems to indicate that as human we do have these rights and the state and laws are being used to recognise them, even though we live in a reasonable pluralistic society. On the other hand, these human rights are within the content of the law, not within the foundations of the establishment f the state, so are not what Rawls is concerned with; Rawls is instead concerned with the neutrality of the actual foundations of the state and its stability in the future. Another problem for Kant may be in the way he deals with theShow MoreRelatedMorality : The Basis Of Morality1586 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy Essay 2 TOPIC ONE: THE BASIS OF MORALITY The basis of morality has been major area of discussion for philosophers for many years. In The Leviathan, Hobbes argues that desire and aversion determine what is good, evil, right or wrong, believing in a subjective self-interest based view on morality. In The Grounding of Metaphysics of Morals, Kant takes a rational approach, arguing that it is reason that plays a role in determining the same, thus having an objective view on morality. In myRead MoreKant And Hobbes s View On Morality1761 Words   |  8 PagesKant and Hobbes have completely different interpretations of morality. The vast differences between them is due to their opposing schools of thought. Kant’s view on morality is very analytical and strict. Whereas, Hobbes’ view is both provisional and tentative, depending on the outcomes. Although these differences between their philosophies were present, they both took a subjective stance in their reasoning meaning, they believed moral philosophy should be cente red on the person. This essay willRead Morethe disapering degree Essay examples792 Words   |  4 PagesPHI-305 16 FEB 2014 This paper renders a point of view on the ethical dilemma presented in the case study of the Disappearing Degree from the ethical stand point of view the writer. This paper also weighs in on the philosophical viewpoints of Hobbes, Hume’s and Kent’s theories that are consistent with their views on ethics and human nature. The View of the Writer In this Ethical Dilemma Connie has to take everything into account.Read MoreThe Enlightenment : The Greatest Impact Of The Enlightenment945 Words   |  4 Pages The world that current societies know today would be very different if the Enlightenment did not occur in the 18th century. With people like Immanuel Kant, Baron de Montesquieu, and John Locke, the Enlightenment was one of the most revolutionary events to ever occur. For example, Immanuel Kant explored human experiences, Montesquieu believed that there should be three branches of government, and John Locke believed in the social contract and the ability to own life, liberty and property. The ideasRead MoreThe Role of Reason in Human Behavior Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesFreud and Thomas Hobbes disagree with Plato and Aristotle regarding the role of reason in human behavior, and all four of these disagree with Jean-Paul Sartre on the same question. Describe. Freud, Hobbes, Aristotle, Plato, and Sartre was all well-known philosophers which each one had their own theory on human behavior. The two philosophers Freud and Thomas Hobbes disagreed with Plato and Aristotle concerning their explanations about the behavior of humans. Freud theory is human behaviorRead MoreThe 18th Century Enlightenment1487 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers, Kant, Voltaire, Rousseau, Hobbes, and Locke. These thinkers began to question the way of life in the contemporary world and discussed the potential of â€Å"man†. Immanuel Kant hypothesized that man is immature and has yet to find his true potential. Questioning the simplicity and purpose of life frightened some, as a result, the enlightenment polarized society, some of which were anxious towards change, others were excited to seek the potential of the human mind. The philosophy prior to theRead MoreEssay about PHILOSOPHY1293 Words   |  6 Pages how can there not be references to the work s of Thomas Hobbes and Immanuel Kant. The Fundamental Principles in the Metaphysics of Morality is used by the minority dissenting opinion to reiterate the concepts of the intrinsic dignity of man. While the majority uses the literary work the Leviathan to support their own opinions. Transforming and uplifting the case of Gregg v. Georgia into an arena for a debate of Hobbian and Kant philosophies. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreHistorical Developments in Philosophy Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Philosophy Matrix | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Read MoreStatement Of Purpose For Graduate Study937 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose for Graduate Study Philosophy Doctoral Program at Stanford University I wouldn’t be doing philosophy if I didn’t think it progressed, and that we know now more than we did a century ago. For that reason, I don’t view its history as a story of the clash of defensible but irreconcilable views, from which the most we can expect is a sympathetic understanding of how things looked to the participants. (Scott Soames) For the value of the history of philosophy . . . lies not only in theRead MoreThe Philosophy of Thomas Hobbs Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Hobbss philosophy Hobbes Moral: Thomas Hobbes is known best for his political thought and the English philosopher. The vision of Hobbes for the world is still relevant to modern politics. He always focus the problems of social and political order: that how human beings can keep away the terror of civil and difference to live together in peace and got authorize to decide every social and political matter. Otherwise state of nature anticipate us and closely remind us of civil war where there

The Bolsheviks and the Tragedy of the October Revolution...

The Bolsheviks and the Tragedy of the October Revolution The majority of the people are with us. The majority of the working and oppressed people all over the world are with us. Ours is the cause of justice. Our victory is assured.1 October was a classic coup dà ©tat, the capture of governmental power by a small minority, carried out-without mass engagement.2 The October Revolution was perhaps the most momentous event of the twentieth century. It led to the creation of the Soviet Union, the first avowedly Communist nation in history, which was to become a global superpower, an inspiration to many, an object of the hatred of many more. Possibly more important was the role the memory of the October Revolution played in the†¦show more content†¦The October Revolution was interpreted quite differently by those hostile to the Communist leaders of the Soviet Union. In their ‘top-down histories of the Russian Revolution- the common people appeared as the passive objects of the evil machinations of the Bolsheviks.4 The Bolsheviks cynically adopted populist and anarchist slogans in order to recruit the masses as foot soldiers in their own quest for power. If any apparent support for the October Revolution was seen among the masses, it was the product of ignorance, skilled propaganda and a supple improvisation by the Bolsheviks th emselves, who transformed their elite operation into a temporary mass organization5 to seduce the Russian masses. The ‘socialist reality of October was imaginary, and the Revolution itself was an amateur police operation masked with expert propaganda to give an appearance of proletarian legitimacy6 Both of these interpretations are heavily politicized. The formers purpose was to establish the legitimacy of the Soviet Union as the genuine embodiment of the will of the Russian Proletariat, the authentic Peoples State. The latter was meant to strip the USSR of that legitimacy and expose the oppressive and unpopular dictatorship that ruled the country with an iron fist. As is not uncommon in such situations, both of these interpretationsShow MoreRelatedHope in The Nineteenth Century in Europe1598 Words   |  6 Pageswere ideas of democracy and no kings began to emerge and series of revolutions began. All of this was a cause of the French Revolution that had just taken place at the end of the Eighteenth Century and that event showed for one of the first times that a monarch could be over thrown and the common people such as peasants could have a say in the government. Even though Napoleon took control of the government in France after the revolution he still did not have the ro le as a king and did not possess allRead MoreWas the Provisional Government Doomed from the Beginning? a Russian Revolution5087 Words   |  21 PagesChapter 3: Intentionalist response P 9 – 12 †¢ Conclusion P 13 †¢ Bibliography P 14 †¢ Annotated Bibliography P 15 - 16 Was the Provisional Government doomed from the beginning? After the February revolution on 1917 which saw the abdication of the Tsar, Russia was in turmoil. It had gone (in a matter of days) from being one of the most repressed countries in the world to being totally free with nobody in any real position of power or authority, andRead MoreThe Revolution Of The 1905 Revolution Essay1494 Words   |  6 Pagesthe nickname â€Å"Nicholas the Bloody† (Khrustalev and M. Steinberg 25). The Russian people no longer felt safe under the tsar’s rule. With more instances of brutality accumulating on top of one another, the 1905 Revolution was inevitable. Albeit the violent suppression of the 1905 Revolution, in the end it was regarded by revolutionaries as semi-successful. Nicholas II agreed to the institution of the State Duma, a limited form of representative democracy, citing it as â€Å"the revival of a custom andRead MoreThe Russian Revolution And The Revolution1767 Words   |  8 PagesThe Russian Revolution was a series of two revolutions that consisted of the February Revolution and the October Revolution. The February Revolution of March 8th, 1917 was a revolution targeted and successfully removed Czar Nicholas II from power. The February Revolution first began to take place when strikes and public protests between 1916 and early 1917 started occurring. These strikes were created to protest against and to blame Czar Nicholas II for Russia’s poor performance in WWI and severeRead MoreThe Role of the Bolsheviks for the Decline and Fall of the Romanov Dynasty.2091 Words   |  9 PagesModern History Research Essay: The Russian Revolution (Task 1) Assess the role of the Bolsheviks for the decline and fall of the Romanov dynasty. The beginning of the 20th century brought radical changes to the social and political structure of autocratic Russia. It was a period of regression, reform, revolution and eradication. Eradication of a blood line that had remained in rule for over 300 years; the Romanov Dynasty. The central figure of this eradication was Tsar Nicholas II, often describedRead MoreLenins Rule and Effect on USSR Essay2006 Words   |  9 Pagesseen as the leader of Russia under the Bolshevik party, we must see Lenin as an opportunist. He was ruthless in all of his dealings, and capitalised on every opportunity that came knocking. He used the conditions in Russia at the time, namely the fear and despair created by Germany in WWI. Bolshevik slogans such as â€Å"Peace, Bread, Land† (Welles ,O. Ten days that shook the world [Video]) soon became popular, and before long, the Bolsheviks had gained widespread support withinRead More Comparing the Ideology of Lenin and Stalin Essay4159 Words   |  17 Pagesideology. Imperial Russia was based upon autocratic absolutism for over 400 years. Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, a new era dawned upon Russia. For the next 36 years she would be in the hands of two men that would attempt to apply a new, vastly different creed in ruling and transforming this country. Vladimir Ilich Lenin, as the leader of the Bolshevik party, ruled Russia from October 1917 till his death in January 1924. He was succeeded by Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, who alsoRead MoreVoltaire s View Of Oppression From The Authority1417 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease were rejected in the field of medicine, even by the authorial and influential pathologist Rudolf Virchow. Suffered from the oppression of the authorities, consequently, he was taken to a mental hospital and died there. (Britannica, 2011) The tragedy of Semmelweis is regretted by his descendants. However, the contemporary techniques and knowledge of that time could not catch up the idea for it is so advanced. Many theories concerning puerperal fever were raised after this event. Semmelweis isRead MoreDiscussion on Whether Stalin Was a Necessary Evil Essay2325 Words   |  10 Pagesfinal and perfect stage of human history would be communism. In Russia the government was essentially feudal, the majority of the population were peasants, and capitalism was in its infancy. Lenin realised that in order to bring about revolution Marxism would have to be adopted to suit these conditions. Lenin developed the argument that the economic resources that imperialism provided were used to buy off workers in capitalist countries by improving working and living Read More Animal Farm as a Political Satire to Criticise Totalitarian Regimes4636 Words   |  19 Pagesface=3gt;THE AUTHOR: GEORGE ORWELLPresentationThis chapter introduces general information about George Orwells life. It includes chronological progress of his life and his political convictions. Furthermore, important events, such as The Russian Revolution and The Spanish Civil War which had significant influence on his commitment to write Animal Farm will be discussed. Lastly, general information about Animal Farm will be given.His LifeThe British author George Orwell, pen name of Eric Arthur Blair

Liberty University Free Essays

I am a police officer and more times than not, I find myself dealing with school ages kids. Usually they range between the ages of 13-18. Most of the time I feel like a counselor because when we deal with juveniles, the juvenile judicial system has tied our hands in what they will incarcerate a juvenile for, so we usually give them a stern talking to and release them back to the custody of their parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Liberty University or any similar topic only for you Order Now I also work closely with the middle and high school administrators. Sometimes we are in the schools dealing with problems or sometimes we take kids back to school that we find skipping class. This is why I chose to write this discussion board entry on the ethics of school counselors. There are several ethical standards for school counselors, so I will only be touching on a few of them, while comparing them to biblical passages. The first I would like to hit on is the counselor’s responsibilities to their students. They are to treat their students with respect at all time and always consider the students future when talking with them. Romans 12:10 states, â€Å"be devoted to one another in brotherly love, but give preference to one another in honor. I think this passage fits perfect here, because when a student goes to a counselor it is usually to talk about a problem they are having or advice on a particular topic. This verse is saying to be devoted to the person as you want the same devotion to you. Another ethical standard for school counselors is confidentiality. The administrators and counselors are not to discuss the student’s issues and school records with anyone unless a informed consent has been agreed on and signed. Proverbs 12:22 states, â€Å"lying lips are an abomination of the lord, but those who act faithfully are his delight. Taking this passage word for word to me basically means that the lord frowns upon the lips that lie and lying is also one of the Ten Commandments that should be remembered when being trusted by another. One of the ethical standards is that counselors and administrators but inform parents and/or legal guardians if a student poses a danger to himself or another. The counselors are never to negate the risk of harm because some students will hide this in order to avoid any type of further scrutiny from other students, teachers or administrators. Corinthians 6:19-20 states, â€Å"do you not know that your body is a temple of the holy spirit within you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were bought with a price. So glorify in your body. † I don’t think that many of thes e students who look to harm themselves or harm someone else are thinking past the injury and into the bible and what they are actually doing in the Lord’s eyes. The next ethical standard by which the counselors are held to is professionalism. They are to treat everything that you do in a way that is looked at as professional to society. They are to seek the consent of parents before conducting any research into a student or educational records, and treat every research opportunity with professionalism. Psalms 34:22 says, â€Å"The Lord redeems the life of his servants. None of those who take refuge in him will be condemned. † References: The New King James Study Bible, publisher Thomas Nelson, Inc. , 2007 undefined. (1984). American School Counselor Association. In Ethical Standards for School Counselors. Retrieved February 19, 2012, from http://www. mnschoolcounselors. org/EthicalStandards2010. pdf. How to cite Liberty University, Papers

Homer The Odyssey Essay Example For Students

Homer The Odyssey Essay Homer, name traditionally assigned to the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two major epics of Greek antiquity. Nothing is known of Homer as an individual, and in fact it is a matter of controversy whether a single person can be said to have written both the Iliad and the Odyssey. Linguistic and historical evidence, however, suggests that the poems were composed in the Greek settlements on the west coast of Asia Minor sometime in the 8th century BC. Both epics are written in an elaborate style, using language that was too impersonal and formal for ordinary discourse. The metrical form is dactylic hexameter (see Versification). Stylistically no real distinction can be made between the two works. Since antiquity, however, many readers have believed that they were written by different people. The Iliad deals with passions, with insoluble dilemmas. It has no real villains; Achilles, Agamemnon, Priam, and the rest are caught up, as actors and victims, in a cruel and ultimately tragic universe. In the Odyssey, on the other hand, the wicked are destroyed, right prevails, and the family is reunited. Here rational intellect-that of Odysseus in particular-acts as the guiding force throughout the story. We will write a custom essay on Homer The Odyssey specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Besides the Iliad and the Odyssey, the so-called Homeric Hymns, a series of relatively short poems celebrating the various gods and composed in a style similar to that of the epics, have also been attributed traditionally to Homer. The Odyssey describes the return of the Greek hero Odysseus from the Trojan War. The opening scenes depict the disorder that has arisen in Odysseuss household during his long absence: A band of suitors is living off of his wealth as they woo his wife, Penelope. The epic then tells of Odysseuss ten years of traveling, during which he has to face such dangers as the man-eating giant Polyphemus and such subtler threats as the goddess Calypso, who offers him immortality if he will abandon his quest for home. The second half of the poem begins with Odysseuss arrival at his home island of Ithaca. Here, exercising infinite patience and self-control, Odysseus tests the loyalty of his servants; plots and carries out a bloody revenge on Penelopes suitors; and is reunited with his son, his wife, and his aged fatherPenelope, in Greek mythology, daughter of Icarius, king of Sparta, and the wife of Odysseus, king of Ithaca. Penelope and Odysseus had a son, Telemachus. Although her husband was gone for more than 20 years during and after the Trojan War, Penelope never doubted that he would return, and according to most versions of the story she remained faithful to him. She was courted by many suitors who devoured and wasted Odysseuss property. Unwilling to choose a new husband, Penelope kept their advances in check by insisting that she must first complete a shroud that she was weaving for Laertes, her father-in-law. Each night she undid the work she completed on the shroud during the day, and by this means avoided having to choose a husband. Finally betrayed by a maid, Penelope was compelled to finish the work. The suitors were preparing to force a decision when Odysseus returned in disguise, killed them, and revealed his identity to his wife. Telemachus, in Greek mythology, son of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, and his wife, Penelope. The constant companion of his mother during the long years of Odysseuss wanderings after the fall of Troy, Telemachus watched with increasing unh appiness as the many ill-mannered suitors for the hand of his mother lived riotously on his fathers estate. Unable to bear the taunts of these men any longer, the youth set out for Pylos to learn from the old king Nestor the fate of Odysseus. Although the old man could not help him, he sent Telemachus to Menelaus, king of Sparta, from whom the boy learned that his father had been held prisoner by the nymph Calypso. Still uncertain as to whether his father was alive or dead, Telemachus returned to Ithaca only to discover that during his absence Odysseus had returned home. The king had not revealed himself, however, having been disguised as a beggar. After a joyous reunion, Telemachus helped Odysseus kill the suitors and make himself known to Penelope. According to a later legend, Telemachus married the sorceress Circe or her daughter Cassiphone. .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 , .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 .postImageUrl , .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 , .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048:hover , .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048:visited , .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048:active { border:0!important; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048:active , .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048 .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u10779c5d1b0f963b0aab062bd3fc1048:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art Of Portraiture EssayPolyphemus, in Greek mythology, a Cyclops, the son of Poseidon, god of the sea, and of the nymph Thosa. During his wanderings after the Trojan War, the Greek hero Odysseus and his men were cast ashore on Polyphemuss island home, Sicily. The enormous giant penned the Greeks in his cave and began to devour them. Odysseus then gave Polyphemus some strong wine and when the giant had fallen into a drunken stupor, bored out his one eye with a burning stake. The Greeks then escaped by clinging to the bellies of his sheep. Poseidon punished Odysseus for blinding Polyphemus by causing him many troubles in his subsequent wanderings by sea. In another legend, Polyphemus was depicted as a huge, one-eyed shepherd, unhappily in love with the sea nymph Galatea. Calypso (mythology), in Greek mythology, a sea nymph and daughter of the Titan Atlas. Calypso lived alone on the mythical island of Ogygia in the Ionian Sea. When the Greek hero Odysseus was shipwrecked on Ogygia, she fell in love with him and kept him a virtual prisoner for seven years. Although she promised him immortality and eternal youth if he would stay with her, she could not make him overcome his desire to return home. At the bidding of the god Zeus, she finally released Odysseus and gave him materials to build a raft to leave the island. She died of grief after he left.